Teleological:
"(Greek telos, “end”; logos, “science”), theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved. It is opposed to deontological ethics (from the Greek deon, “duty”), which holds that the basic standards for an action's being morally right are independent of the good or evil generated. "
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071587/teleological-ethics
"Teleological terms such as "function" and "design" appear frequently in the biological sciences. Examples of teleological claims include:
- A (biological) function of stotting by antelopes is to communicate to predators that they have been detected.
- Eagles' wings are (naturally) designed for soaring.
Teleological notions were commonly associated with the pre-Darwinian view that the biological realm provides evidence of conscious design by a supernatural creator."
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleology-biology/
Circular Causal Systems
p º ( p · p )
Example: "Paul is tall." is equivalent to "Paul is tall and Paul is tall."
Although its ordinary-language use invariably seems pointless and redundant, this pattern of reasoning is a useful principle in the rigorous develoment of the propositional calculus."
http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/t.htm
Circular Causal Systems
http://www.asc-cybernetics.org/foundations/history/MacySummary.htm#Part1
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